ScooterB
Well-Known Member
- Messages
- 177
- Location
- Layton, Utah
When I started researching the problem of mid-tank lean almost a year ago I started reading posts and articles from many sources including this one and spent a lot of time talking to other enthusiasts as well as a couple educated and knowledgeable engineers to get as much information as I could get. This is a very debated topic and often touchy with differing opinions and observations. There are many opinions and a lot of misinformation running wild. My intent is to try to explain what I have learned objectively and scientifically as to what works, what doesn’t, and most importantly why.
Hopefully this will be informative and help some people understand how, what and why and even save them a little money and aggravation along the way.
One important point to note is that this problem is not limited to the Savage truck. Mid-tank lean is a common issue in the nitro rc industry. It is real and it is a problem. Although the Savage has a couple design issues that magnify this problem to the point it can become a real pain creating tuning issues and/or even engine failure. Most enthusiasts overcome the problem by running a little rich whether they realize it or not. I’ve also noticed that many enthusiasts don’t bother to check temps after their initial tune and run off and play blaming higher temps on run time. A properly tuned and fed engine will maintain a fairly constant temp throughout a run.
There are many issues that contribute to the mid-lean problem on a Savage, the first is what is referred to as head pressure. Head pressure is the weight of the fuel pushing on the fuel line. Obviously a full tank is heavier than an empty tank. The weight of the fuel creates pressure in the fuel line. Full tank = pressure, empty tank = no pressure. This is easier to demonstrate on a larger scale. Anyone who has ever emptied any container filled with fluid has probably noticed that as the level is reduced the flow slows down. This is a result of head pressure. Some good common examples would be emptying a large cooler through the drain hole or emptying an above ground swimming pool or water bed. The result is always the same, lower level = lower pressure and flow. Another important aspect of head pressure is that it is constant. It doesn’t matter if the body of fluid is an Olympic size pool or a fish bowl. At any specific depth the pressure will be the same. At 2†depth the head pressure in the pool is exactly the same as the fish bowl, or your fuel tank. Some will argue that the mathematic difference in head pressure is only .08 psi or something like that. The problem is that .08 is huge when you are talking about a system that runs at a peak of less than .25psi. That is a difference of over 30%. Combine that with the positive, negative siphon effects of the tank mounting height and the difference is astronomical.
The second problem is the pressure vs. siphon effect. Anyone who owns a savage has probably noticed that the seam and shelf in a savage fuel tank is just below the midline of the carburetor. When the tank is full the level is above the carb creating positive pressure and when low or empty is below the carb creating negative pressure or vacuum. Liquid will always flow to the lowest point in a siphon and if you raise the drain end higher than the supply it will stop and reverse the flow which is exactly what happens as the fuel level lowers in the tank. This combined with head pressure creates a significant difference in pressure to the carb. When the tank is full, fuel will push itself to the carb as in a siphon. When then tank is below half full not only does the fuel weigh less, it is also lower than the carb and has to be pushed or pulled up to the carb. Also keep in mind that in a nitro rc the fuel tank is effectively the float bowl of the carburetor without the float. Anyone who has spent any time setting up large scale carburetors properly understands the importance of correctly setting the float level. In a nitro rc setup there is no adjustment and the level varies as fuel is used.
The third problem is fuel slosh. In any moving vehicle fuel will slosh around in the tank. When the tank is full there is very little chance that the fuel pickup will be exposed to air. As the level decreases the chances increase. On a road car or boat this is not much of an issue, but in an off-road environment the vehicle is constantly being tossed around as well as the attitude being changed as it goes over obstacles or climbs and descends hills. And also in braking and acceleration. In aircraft, clunk lines are used to keep the fuel pickup at the lowest part of the tank regardless of attitude.
The biggest problems with the stock fuel tank are 1- Its mounting location relative to the carburetor. 2- Its height because it creates a greater difference in head pressure. And 3 the stone filter on the pickup tube as it allows air into the lines when exposed.
“But the exhaust system pressurizes the fuel system†Yes and no. Yes at mid to high rpm. No at idle to low rpm. Most nitro RC vehicles have fuel tanks mounted below the level of the carb. Something is needed to keep the fuel supply moving to the carb. Many have experienced running a nitro rc without the exhaust pressure due to a failure of the pressure tube or exhaust pipe while running and notice that they still seem to run quite well. The reason? The carburetor is doing its job. A carburetor creates a vacuum in the venturi which pulls the fuel in and atomizes it. All carburetors work on vacuum to pull fuel from a float bowl or source of fuel. With pressure applied the fuel will flow through quickly supplying the engine with the needed fuel. Although exhaust pressure can be quite erratic depending on how you are driving, bleed off is immediate and pressure builds as rpm and load increases.
What works, what doesn’t, and why.
ONE WAY VALVE IN EXHAUST PRESSURE LINE
Many have suggested and tried to install a one-way valve in the exhaust pressure line in an effort to store and hold the pressure created at high rpm and maintain a constant pressure. Initially this sounds like a reasonable solution, BUT. What happens is that the pressure is stored and pushes the fuel regardless of engine demand or even whether the engine is running. Remember that your engine will run without exhaust pressure. It does not need or have pressure at low rpm, The carburetor will draw fuel through the line.
The result is a flooded engine and possibly a hydro lock situation as the fuel is forced into a non running engine. As well as erratic tuning as the pressure may be high or low depending on how the car has been run.
RESULT; Does not work. Causes erratic tuning and flooding.
CLINE REGULATOR
How it works and what it is.
This is a fuel flow regulating device.
The fuel tank is pressurized from 2 to 12 P.S.I. by a unique one-way check valve with the pressure from the crankcase of a two-cycle engine or from the exhaust of a four-cycle engine. This forces the fuel to the controller under that P.S.I.
The controller is mounted either beside or directly behind the engine. The carburetor’s fuel line suction acts on the diaphragm in the controller causing it to open the fuel valve in the controller. It is a demand controller; thus as the carburetor’s fuel line suction increases, the amount of fuel the controller passes increases. When the engine is stopped, no fuel can enter the carburetor.
Links; http://www.billsroom.com/pcfs/products/CFS/fuelsysdescx.htm
http://www.billsroom.com/pcfs/products/CFS/pcfs_details.htm
Does it work? In theory it sounds great. Regulated fuel supply on demand. Controlled fuel delivery. Fuel cannot flow to the carb if engine is not running.
I have not tried this and have not found anyone who has on a car application. It is on the pricey side though at $60 currently and some people question the amount of pressure put on the fuel tank. Although 12 psi is really not that much. Also it requires a fitting to be drilled and tapped in the crankcase, which I have done, (for Perry Pump) and had absolutely no issues as a result. I am also wondering what the effect on the engine would be due to opening the cc up to such a large area as the cc pressure is what is used to force air/fuel into the combustion chamber.
RESULTS; this may work to provide constant fuel pressure and flow but will not do anything for fuel slosh/starvation
Hopefully this will be informative and help some people understand how, what and why and even save them a little money and aggravation along the way.
One important point to note is that this problem is not limited to the Savage truck. Mid-tank lean is a common issue in the nitro rc industry. It is real and it is a problem. Although the Savage has a couple design issues that magnify this problem to the point it can become a real pain creating tuning issues and/or even engine failure. Most enthusiasts overcome the problem by running a little rich whether they realize it or not. I’ve also noticed that many enthusiasts don’t bother to check temps after their initial tune and run off and play blaming higher temps on run time. A properly tuned and fed engine will maintain a fairly constant temp throughout a run.
There are many issues that contribute to the mid-lean problem on a Savage, the first is what is referred to as head pressure. Head pressure is the weight of the fuel pushing on the fuel line. Obviously a full tank is heavier than an empty tank. The weight of the fuel creates pressure in the fuel line. Full tank = pressure, empty tank = no pressure. This is easier to demonstrate on a larger scale. Anyone who has ever emptied any container filled with fluid has probably noticed that as the level is reduced the flow slows down. This is a result of head pressure. Some good common examples would be emptying a large cooler through the drain hole or emptying an above ground swimming pool or water bed. The result is always the same, lower level = lower pressure and flow. Another important aspect of head pressure is that it is constant. It doesn’t matter if the body of fluid is an Olympic size pool or a fish bowl. At any specific depth the pressure will be the same. At 2†depth the head pressure in the pool is exactly the same as the fish bowl, or your fuel tank. Some will argue that the mathematic difference in head pressure is only .08 psi or something like that. The problem is that .08 is huge when you are talking about a system that runs at a peak of less than .25psi. That is a difference of over 30%. Combine that with the positive, negative siphon effects of the tank mounting height and the difference is astronomical.
The second problem is the pressure vs. siphon effect. Anyone who owns a savage has probably noticed that the seam and shelf in a savage fuel tank is just below the midline of the carburetor. When the tank is full the level is above the carb creating positive pressure and when low or empty is below the carb creating negative pressure or vacuum. Liquid will always flow to the lowest point in a siphon and if you raise the drain end higher than the supply it will stop and reverse the flow which is exactly what happens as the fuel level lowers in the tank. This combined with head pressure creates a significant difference in pressure to the carb. When the tank is full, fuel will push itself to the carb as in a siphon. When then tank is below half full not only does the fuel weigh less, it is also lower than the carb and has to be pushed or pulled up to the carb. Also keep in mind that in a nitro rc the fuel tank is effectively the float bowl of the carburetor without the float. Anyone who has spent any time setting up large scale carburetors properly understands the importance of correctly setting the float level. In a nitro rc setup there is no adjustment and the level varies as fuel is used.
The third problem is fuel slosh. In any moving vehicle fuel will slosh around in the tank. When the tank is full there is very little chance that the fuel pickup will be exposed to air. As the level decreases the chances increase. On a road car or boat this is not much of an issue, but in an off-road environment the vehicle is constantly being tossed around as well as the attitude being changed as it goes over obstacles or climbs and descends hills. And also in braking and acceleration. In aircraft, clunk lines are used to keep the fuel pickup at the lowest part of the tank regardless of attitude.
The biggest problems with the stock fuel tank are 1- Its mounting location relative to the carburetor. 2- Its height because it creates a greater difference in head pressure. And 3 the stone filter on the pickup tube as it allows air into the lines when exposed.
“But the exhaust system pressurizes the fuel system†Yes and no. Yes at mid to high rpm. No at idle to low rpm. Most nitro RC vehicles have fuel tanks mounted below the level of the carb. Something is needed to keep the fuel supply moving to the carb. Many have experienced running a nitro rc without the exhaust pressure due to a failure of the pressure tube or exhaust pipe while running and notice that they still seem to run quite well. The reason? The carburetor is doing its job. A carburetor creates a vacuum in the venturi which pulls the fuel in and atomizes it. All carburetors work on vacuum to pull fuel from a float bowl or source of fuel. With pressure applied the fuel will flow through quickly supplying the engine with the needed fuel. Although exhaust pressure can be quite erratic depending on how you are driving, bleed off is immediate and pressure builds as rpm and load increases.
What works, what doesn’t, and why.
ONE WAY VALVE IN EXHAUST PRESSURE LINE
Many have suggested and tried to install a one-way valve in the exhaust pressure line in an effort to store and hold the pressure created at high rpm and maintain a constant pressure. Initially this sounds like a reasonable solution, BUT. What happens is that the pressure is stored and pushes the fuel regardless of engine demand or even whether the engine is running. Remember that your engine will run without exhaust pressure. It does not need or have pressure at low rpm, The carburetor will draw fuel through the line.
The result is a flooded engine and possibly a hydro lock situation as the fuel is forced into a non running engine. As well as erratic tuning as the pressure may be high or low depending on how the car has been run.
RESULT; Does not work. Causes erratic tuning and flooding.
CLINE REGULATOR
How it works and what it is.
This is a fuel flow regulating device.
The fuel tank is pressurized from 2 to 12 P.S.I. by a unique one-way check valve with the pressure from the crankcase of a two-cycle engine or from the exhaust of a four-cycle engine. This forces the fuel to the controller under that P.S.I.
The controller is mounted either beside or directly behind the engine. The carburetor’s fuel line suction acts on the diaphragm in the controller causing it to open the fuel valve in the controller. It is a demand controller; thus as the carburetor’s fuel line suction increases, the amount of fuel the controller passes increases. When the engine is stopped, no fuel can enter the carburetor.
Links; http://www.billsroom.com/pcfs/products/CFS/fuelsysdescx.htm
http://www.billsroom.com/pcfs/products/CFS/pcfs_details.htm
Does it work? In theory it sounds great. Regulated fuel supply on demand. Controlled fuel delivery. Fuel cannot flow to the carb if engine is not running.
I have not tried this and have not found anyone who has on a car application. It is on the pricey side though at $60 currently and some people question the amount of pressure put on the fuel tank. Although 12 psi is really not that much. Also it requires a fitting to be drilled and tapped in the crankcase, which I have done, (for Perry Pump) and had absolutely no issues as a result. I am also wondering what the effect on the engine would be due to opening the cc up to such a large area as the cc pressure is what is used to force air/fuel into the combustion chamber.
RESULTS; this may work to provide constant fuel pressure and flow but will not do anything for fuel slosh/starvation